Soap making is a business you can venture into in this period of reccession, with little capital worth of #2000.
Soap
 making business is lucrative and offers reliable and constant revenue 
for business men and women who are producing and those marketing soap 
wholesale or retail. If you are in doubt, please ask the nearest soap 
seller on your street how often he or she visits the market to replenish
 his or her stock.
Different types of soap are produced daily and
 they include – laundry soap, bathing soap, antiseptic soap, detergent 
and a host of others. The modes of producing them the chemicals used are
 slightly different.
Our focus here is on how to produce bathing 
soap on a small scale. There are various methods of production, but two 
are outstanding. The hot and cold method. The hot method involves 
boiling the chemicals in a mixture.
CHEMICALS
 A Oil: the commonly used oil for soap production includes. 
          Palm kernel oil 
         Fatty acid
         Bleached palm oil (tests raw palm oil and make sure it does not
 contain common salt by adding little quantity of fermented caustic soda
 into it. Then mix with stick, if it blends together the oil is okay for
 use
B Caustic soda: this is the base chemical used in the production of soap. It is whitish in colour and   sugar like
C
 Soda ash: increases the quantity of soap also acts as a foaming agent 
improves hardness of soap. It is whitish in colour and garri like
D
 Sodium sulphate: it increases the quantity of soap and increases the 
durability of soap. it is whitish in colour and in powdery form
E Kaolin or calcium: it acts as a forming agent. it is whitish in colour and in powdery state
G Colourant: this determine the colour of soap, it might liquid or powder
H Perfume: this determine the odour of soap e.g rose, h&R, B&B, Apple, Lemon, Blue Water, passion etc.
FERMENTATION
 This is a process whereby the powdery chemical s e.g caustic soda, ash,
 sodium sulphate e.t.c  is turn into solution before use. Two plastic 
bowls are required for the fermentation
BOWL (1) CAUSTIC SODA+KAOLIN
One
 (1) cup of caustic soada plus one sixth (1/6) of kaolin plus 3 cups of 
water is fermented for atleast 48 hours. For best result, leave it for 
5-7 days.
1 caustic soda +  1/6 kaolin + 3 cup of water the least
 hydrometer reading should be 1275 maximum, if not up  to it, add more 
water and cover the bowl  for  48 hours.
BOWL 2- SODA ASH +SODIUM SULPHATE
One (1) cup of soda ash plus one eight (1/

 cup of sodium sulphate plus 4 cups of water (i.e 1 soda ash + 1/8 
sodium sulphate + 4 cups of water) is fermented for atleast 24 hours. 
The least hydrometer should be 1200
                                                    FORMATIONS
COLD METHOD 
NOTE: You make sure you stir continuously and properly as you add each of the elements and it must be in one direction.
Get
 another empty bowl and add the following:  4 cups of p.k.o + + stirring
 + colourant (optional) + stirring +  2 cups solution from bowl 1 
(caustic soda + calcium) + stirring + 1 cup of solution from bowl 2 
(soda ash + sodium sulphate) + stirring  + 1/6 silicate ( silicate makes
 the soap to be lustre and shinning) + stirring + perfume + stirring .
NOTE:
 You stir until it become pap like before pouring into mould.  After 5 
hours, remove the soap for cutting to the desired shapes.
HOT METHOD
1 Put on your heating system
2 Put tank or drum on the heating system
3 Measure oil 4 cups into the boiler and allow it to heat up
4 Add colourant and allow it to mix properly with the oil
5 Add the fermented caustic soda + kaolin 2 cups and stir
6 Add the fermented soda ash +sodium sulphate 1 cup and stir
7 Add silicate  1/6 and stir
8 Continue to stir until pap-like mixture is formed and remove boiler from the heating system
9 After the addition of perfume, Stir vigorously again (in one direction)
10 Transfer the mixture into your soap mould
11 After 5 hours cut the soap into tables, if wooden mould is adopted, the other moulds are always on proper shapes
12 Put your identification stamps and package soap for sale